In a message dated 11/20/99 10:50:59 PM Eastern Standard Time, scash@mindspring.com writes: << I don't believe the difference is one of distance - it's more one of frequency/regularity. Goshawks are considered nonmigratory because they regularly overwinter on their breeding grounds - there is not the clockwork seasonal shift seen in migratory species. The dispersal of Goshawks (and other irruptive nonmigratory species, such as the "Winter Finches", et al.) is related to a shortage of food on their wintering grounds - they're not actually migrating to a specific spot year after year, they're just wandering, looking for food, b/c there may not be enough rabbits/grouse up North this year, perhaps last year was particularly productive for breeders (and there are therefore too many individuals for the wintering grounds to support). Migratory birds are actually *resident* on their wintering grounds, which is usually a set area (perhaps even the same location year after year, in much the same way as many breeders use the same nest or tree year after year) but migrate somewhere else (North to the US or Canada in the case of most of our Neotropicals) to breed, which differs fairly markedly from species such as the Goshawk, etc. Hope that helps, not sure I was clear enough, Sandy Cash scash@mindspring.com Carrboro, NC >> Thank you Sandy - It sure did help - Your explanation was very clear! Gail Frantz Reisterstown, MD