Hi Marcia -- Actually, the confusion species is Warbling Vireo -- it is about the same size bird, also has some yellow or yellow wash underneath in fall, and has a supercilium with a line through the eye. Phillies in fall are usually completely yellow below, ranging from pale yellow to rather bright, whereas the yellow on a Warbling is confined to a wash along the sides and under the tail coverts. The facial pattern of the Warbling is rather "blank" -- the eyeline is faint and the eye conspicious in a plain face, whereas Phillies have a distinct dark eyeline which gives them a rather "peeved" expression. Barry and I have seen five Philadelphia Vireos this fall, thanks to being out in the field a lot, and all were in the company of Red-eyed Vireos, so it pays to check every one of those Red-eyes. (And if you are looking from below, recall R-Es in fall generally have a white or whitish underside but with a pale yellowish wash on undertail coverts). The three Warbling Vireos we've seen have all been on their own. The latter species is a local breeder here in Montgomery Co., so these might be locally dispersing birds and not on long-distance passage, thus not in a flock. Now the one we've not seen yet is Yellow-throated Vireo, for some reason! Gail Mackiernan gail@umdd.umd.edu